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Fungi and Lichens - Kingdom: Fungi
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Fungi and Lichens are probably the least understood of living organisms. Most people only know them from the damage they can do to food items and from the fruiting bodies (mushrooms) found in supermarkets. Fungi can actually evoke an emotional response in people; be it one of disgust because of their involvement in the 'rotting' process; one of fear, due to the fact that more than a few mushrooms are quite poisonous; or one of nostalgia, for what mushrooms meant to them in their youth or in their home country.
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Fungi are however, more, a whole lot more, than what we see. They are literally vital for the continuation of life our planet. Many plants have some type of fungi associated with them in a 'symbiosis' like manner. In other words, without the fungus the plant would simply not do nearly as well, and perhaps even perish. Fungi are necessary for the break-down of organic materials and are the means by which Nature recycles it's self. And... as a bonus. they are also very photogenic, and here are some you may find in the 'Northern Rivers'.
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There has, historically, always been a lack of consensus on how to order them according to their evolutionary relationships with each other. As our ability to probe deeper into the organism improves so too our understanding about the organism's familial connections increases. That is not to say there always is agreement on these 'connections' though. For most of us this is somewhat moot but for those to whom it does matter, please be aware that nomenclature and related information on these pages may not be fully up to date after November 2021. Please make sure you confirm identifications made here with other sources. The Phyla arrangement as shown below is as per Naranjo-Ortiz and Gabaldon, 2019.
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Use the thumbnails below to go to the pages you wish to see or use the SEARCH box....
Even further down is an overview of the taxonomy of Northern Rivers mushrooms that contains links to individual pages for those who know where they are going. If it is just 'Mushrooms' you're after.... CLICK HERE. (Sorry, page under construction) |
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A recently added Phylum (the ninth to date) are the Ophistosporidia formerly included in the Kingdom: Protozoa. They are unicellular organisms that produce spores and of which there are an estimated one Million+ species. For long considered to be ordinary parasites they are now known to be endobiotic fungi ie. fungi that live, for the most non-destructively, within a host cell or organism. They are not further dealt with on this web-site.
There is also a page where photos are posted of Fungi not yet identified.
If you think you can assist with a bit of detective work then, PLEASE... CLICK HERE.
Your help would be greatly appreciated.
If you think you can assist with a bit of detective work then, PLEASE... CLICK HERE.
Your help would be greatly appreciated.
> Unidentified Fungi (Photos of as yet unnamed Fungi)
> Phylum: Ascomycota (Ascomycete Fungi)
> Unplaced Genera in Ascomycota #
> Subphylum: Peziziomycotina # (Higher Ascomycetes)
[ > Class: Arthoniomycetes
> Order: Arthoniales
> Family: Arthoniaceae
> Family: Chrysothricaceae ] #
[ > Class: Dothideomycetes
> Subclass: Dothideomycetidae
> Subclass: Pleosporomycetidae ] #
[ > Class: Eurotiomycetes
> Subclass: Eurotiomycetidae ] #
[ > Class: Geoglossomycetes
> Order: Geoglassales
> Family: Geoglossaceae ] #
> Class: Lecanoromycetes #
[ > Subclass: Acarosporomycetidae
> Order: Acarosporales
> Family: Acarosporaceae ] #
[ > Subclass: Candelariomycetidae
> Order: Candelariales
> Family: Candelariaceae ] #
> Subclass: Lecanoromycetidae #
> Order: Caliciales #
> Family: Caliciaceae # (Button Lichens and Allies)
> Family: Physciaceae # (Shadow Lichens and Allies)
> Order: Lecanorales #
> Family: Cladoniaceae #
> Family: Haematommataceae #
> Family: Lecanoraceae #
> Family: Megalariaceae #
> Family: Parmeliaceae #
> Family: Pilocarpaceae #
> Family: Psoraceae #
> Family: Ramalinaceae #
> Family: Sphaerophoraceae #
> Family: Stereocaulaceae #
> Family: Tephromelataceae #
[ > Order: Lecideales
> Family: Lecideaceae ] #
> Order: Peltigerales #
> Family: Collemataceae #
> Family: Lobariaceae #
> Family: Nephromataceae #
> Family: Pannariaceae #
> Family: Peltigeraceae #
[> Order: Rhizocarpales
> Family: Rhizocarpaceae ] #
> Order: Teloschistales #
> Family: Brigantiaeaceae #
> Family: Megalosporaceae #
> Family: Teloschistaceae #
> Subclass: Ostropomycetidae #
[> Order: Baeomycetales
> Family: Baeomycetaceae ] #
[> Order: Hymeneliales
> Family: Hymeneliaceae ] #
> Order: Ostropales #
> Family: Coenogoniaceae #
> Family: Graphidaceae #
> Family: Gyalectaceae #
> Family: Phlyctidaceae #
> Family: Porinaceae #
> Family: Stictidaceae #
> Order: Pertusariales #
> Family: Icmadophilaceae #
> Family: Ochrolechiaceae #
> Family: Pertusariaceae #
[ > Order: Trapeliales
> Family: Trapeliaceae ] #
[ > Subclass: Umbilicariomycetidae
> Order: Umbilicariales ] #
> Family: Fuscideaceae #
> Family: Ophioparmaceae #
> Family: Umbilicariaceae #
> Class: Leotiomycetes #
[ > Order: Cyttariales
> Family: Cyttariaceae ] #
[ > Order: Erysiphales # (Powdery Mildews)
> Family: Erysiphaceae ] #
> Order: Helotiales #
> Family: Cenangiaceae #
> Family: Chlorociboriaceae #
> Family: Gelatinodiscaceae #
> Family: Helotiaceae #
> Family: Hyaloscyphaceae #
> Family: Lachnaceae #
> Family: Mollisiaceae #
> Family: Pezizellaceae #
> Family: Rustroemiaceae #
> Family: Sclerotiniaceae #
> Family: Vibresseaceae #
[ > Order: Leotiales
> Family: Leotiaceae ] #
[ > Order: Rhytismatales
[ > Family: Rhytismataceae ] #
[ > Class: Lichinomycetes
> Order: Lichinales ] #
> Family: Lichinaceae #
> Family: Peltulaceae #
[ > Class: Pezizomycetes
> Order: Pezizales ] #
> Family: Ascobolaceae #
> Family: Helvellaceae #
> Family: Morchellaceae # (Morels and Allies)
> Family: Pezizaceae # (Pezizas, Desert Truffles and Allies)
> Family: Pyronemataceae #
> Family: Sarcoscyphaceae # (Elf Cups and Allies)
> Family: Sarcosomataceae #
> Family: Tarzettaceae #
> Family: Tuberaceae #
> Class: Sordariomycetes #
[ > Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
> Order: Hypocreales ] #
> Family: Bionectriaceae #
> Family: Clavicipitaceae #
> Family: Cordycipitaceae #
> Family: Hypocreaceae #
> Family: Nectriaceae #
> Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae #
> Subclass: Sordariomycetidae # (Various orders and families)
> Subclass: Xylariomycetidae # (Various orders and families)
[ > Subphylum: Taphrinomycotina
> Class: Taphrinomycetes
> Order: Taphrinales
> Family: Taphrinaceae ] #
> Phylum: Basidiomycota #
> Subphylum: Agaricomycotina # (Higher Basidiomycetes)
> Class: Agaricomycetes #
> Order: Auriculariales #
> Family: Auriculariaceae
> Family: Hyaloriaceae #
> Order: Cantharellales #
> Family: Aphelariaceae #
> Family: Cantharellaceae #
> Family: Clavulinaceae #
> Family: Hydnaceae #
[ > Order: Corticales
> Family: Corticiaceae ] #
[ > Order: Gloephyllales
> Family: Gloephyllaceae ] #
> Order: Hymenochaetales #
> Family: Coltriciaceae #
> Family: Hymenochaetaceae #
> Family: Hyphodontiaceae #
> Family: Oxyporaceae #
> Family: Rickenellaceae #
> Family: Schizoporaceae #
[ > Order: Lepidostromatales
> Family: Lepidostromataceae ] #
> Order: Polyporales #
> Family: Cerrenaceae #
> Family: Fomitopsidaceae #
> Family: Grifolaceae #
> Family: Incrustoporiaceae #
> Family: Irpicaceae #
> Family: Laetiporaceae #
> Family: Meruliaceae #
> Family: Panaceae #
> Family: Phanerochaetaceae #
> Family: Podoscyphaceae #
> Family: Polyporaceae #
> Family: Steccherinaceae #
> Order: Russulales #
> Family: Auriscalpiaceae #
> Family: Hericiaceae #
> Family: Lachnocladiaceae #
> Family: Peniophoraceae #
> Family: Russulaceae #
> Family: Stereaceae #
[ > Order: Sebacinales
> Family: Sebacinaceae ] #
[ > Order: Stereopsidales
> Family: Stereopsidaceae ] #
> Order: Thelephorales #
> Family: Bankeraceae #
> Family: Thelephoraceae #
[ > Order: Tremellodendropsidales
> Family: Tremellendropsidaceae ] #
> Subclass: Agaricomycetidae #
> Order: Agaricales #
> Suborder: Agaricineae #
> Family: Agaricaceae
> Family: Battarreaceae #
> Family: Bolbitiaceae #
> Family: Coprinaceae #
> Family: Cortinariaceae #
> Family: Crepidotaceae #
> Family: Galeropsidaceae #
> Family: Hydnangiaceae #
> Family: Hymenogastraceae #
> Family: Inocybaceae #
> Family: Lycoperdaceae
> Family: Nidulariaceae #
> Family: Psathyrellaceae
> Family: Strophariaceae #
> Family: Tubariaceae #
> Family: Verrucosporaceae #
[ > Suborder: Clavariineae
> Family: Clavariaceae ] (Antler and Spindle Fungi)
[ > Suborder: Hygrophorineae
> Family: Hygrophoraceae ]
> Suborder: Marasmiineae # (Pinwheels and Allies)
> Family: Cyphellaceae #
> Family: Marasmiaceae # (Pinwheels)
> Family: Mycenaceae #
> Family: Omphalotaceae #
> Family: Physalacriaceae #
> Family: Porotheleaceae #
> Suborder: Pleurotineae #
> Family: Phyllotopsidaceae #
> Family: Pleurotaceae
> Family: Pterulaceae #
> Suborder: Pluteineae #
> Family: Amanitaceae #
> Family: Pluteaceae #
> Suborder: Schizophyllineae #
> Family: Niaceae #
> Family: Schizophyllaceae #
> Suborder: Tricholomatineae #
> Family: Callistosporaceae #
> Family: Clitocybaceae #
> Family: Entolomataceae #
> Family: Fayodiaceae #
> Family: Omphalinaceae #
> Family: Tricholomataceae #
[ > Order: Amylocorticales
> Family: Amylocorticiaceae ] #
[ > Order: Atheliales
> Family: Atheliaceae ] #
> Order: Boletales # (Boletes and Allies)
> Family: Astraeaceae #
> Family: Boletaceae # (Boletes)
> Family: Coniophoraceae #
> Family: Pisolithaceae #
> Family: Rhizopogonaceae #
> Family: Serpulaceae #
> Family: Suillaceae #
> Family: Tapinellaceae #
> Suborder: Sclerodermatineae #
> Family: Boletinellaceae #
> Family: Gyroporaceae #
> Family: Sclerodermataceae
> Subclass: Phallomycetidae #
[ > Order: Geastrales
> Family: Geastraceae ] # (Earthstars)
> Order: Gomphales #
> Family: Clavariadelphaceae #
> Family: Gomphaceae #
> Family: Lentariaceae #
> Order: Hysterangiales #
> Family: Gallaceaceae #
> Family: Hysterangiaceae #
> Family: Mesophelliaceae #
> Family: Phallogastraceae #
[ > Order: Phallales
> Family: Phallaceae ] # (Stinkhorns)
[ > Class: Dacrymycetes
> Order: Dacrymycetales
> Family: Dacrymycetaceae ] #
> Class: Tremellomycetes #
> Order: Cystofilobasidiales #
> Family: Cystofilobasidiaceae #
> Family: Mrakiaceae #
> Order: Filobasidiales #
> Family: Filobasidiaceae #
> Family: Piskurozymaceae #
[ > Order: Holtermanniales
> Family: Holtermanniaceae ] #
> Order: Tremellales #
> Family: Bulleraceae #
> Family: Bulleribasidiaceae #
> Family: Carcinomycetaceae #
> Family: Cryptococcaceae #
> Family: Naemateliaceae #
> Family: Phaeotremellaceae #
> Family: Tremellaceae #
[ > Order: Trichosporonales
> Family: Trichonosporaceae ] #
> Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina # (Rusts)
> Class: Agaricostilbomycetes #
> Class: Cystobasidiomycetes #
> Class: Microbotryomycetes #
> Class: Pucciniomycetes #
> Subphylum: Ustilaginomycotina # (Smuts)
> Class: Exobasidiomycetes # No further division on this web-site.
> Class: Ustilaginomycetes # No further division on this web-site.
> Phylum: Zygomycota # (* until further clarification becomes available, the older 'Zygomycota' has been retained rather than the current 'Zoopagomycota'. Due to scarcity of records no further division is done for the purpose of this web-site.)
> Phylum: Blastocladiamycota
> Phylum: Chytridiomycota
> Phylum: Glomeromycota
> Phylum: Mucoromycota
> Phylum: Neocallimastigomycota
> Phylum: Ophisthosporidia
The above 6 Phylla are placed on a single page: 'All other Fungi'. # No further division on this web-site.
References and links:
Fuhrer, Bruce, (2016) A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Bloomings Books, Melbourne, Australia.
Moore, S. and O'Sullivan, P. (2016) A Guide to the Common Fungi of Coastal New South Wales. Dept. of Primary Industries, N.S.W.
Pouliot, Alison, (2018) The Allure of Fungi. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, Victoria.
Pouillot, Allison & May, Tom, (2021) Wild Mushrooming. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, Victoria.
Naranjo‐Ortiz, Miguel A.; Gabaldón, Toni (2019). "Fungal evolution: Diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi". Biological Reviews. 94 (6): 2101–2137.
https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus
Text:
E.Beringen
E.Beringen