The Northern Rivers Project
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  • Life
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      • Arachnids, Spiders, Harvestmen, Scorpions, Ticks and Mites of the Northern Rivers, Index
      • Birds, Index
      • Butterflies of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Mammals of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Reptiles of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
    • Animals - Kingdom: Animalia >
      • Thorny-headed Worms - Phylum: Acanthocephala
      • Segmented Worms - Phylum: Annelida
      • Arthropods - Phylum: Arthropoda
      • Brachiopods - Phylum Brachiopoda
      • Bryozoans - Phylum: Bryozoa
      • Arrow Worms - Phylum: Chaetognatha
      • Chordates - Phylum: Chordata >
        • Vertebrates - Subphylum: Vertebrata >
          • Amphibians - Class: Amphibia >
            • Frogs and Toads - Order: Anura >
              • True Toads - Family: Bufonidae
              • Australasian Tree Frogs - Family: Pelodryadidae
              • Australian Ground Frogs - Family: Myobatrachidae
              • Foam-nesting Ground Frogs - Family: Limnodynastidae
              • Frogs, Index
          • Birds - Class: Aves >
            • Hawks, Eagles, Kites and Allies - Order: Accipitriformes >
              • Hawks, Eagles and Kites - Family: Accipitridae
              • Ospreys - Family: Pandionidae
            • Waterfowl - Order: Anseriformes >
              • Ducks, Geese and Swans - Family: Anatidae
              • Magpie Goose - Family: Anseranatidae
            • Nightjars, Swifts and Allies - Order: Caprimulgiformes >
              • Nightjars - Family: Caprimulgidae
              • Frogmouths - Family: Podargidae
            • Cassowaries and Emus - Order: Casuariiformes >
              • Emus - Family: Casuariidae
            • Shorebirds and Allies - Order: Charadriiformes >
              • Stone-Curlews - Family: Burhinidae
              • Plovers and Lapwings - Family: Charadriidae
              • Oystercatchers - Family: Haematopodidae
              • Gulls and Terns - Family: Laridae
              • Stilts and Avocets - Family: Recurvirostridae
              • Sandpipers and Allies - Family: Scolopacidae
              • Skuas - Family: Stercorariidae
              • Buttonquails - Family: Turnicidae
            • Storks - Order: Ciconiiformes >
              • Storks - Family: Ciconiidae
            • Pigeons and Doves - Order: Columbiformes >
              • Pigeons and Doves - Family: Columbidae
            • Kingfishers and Allies - Order: Coraciiformes >
              • Kingfishers - Family: Alcedinidae
              • Bee-eaters - Family: Meropidae
            • Cuckoos - Order: Cuculiformes >
              • Cuckoos - Family: Cuculidae
            • Falcons and Allies - Order: Falconiformes >
              • Falcons and Allies - Family: Falconidae
            • Landfowl - Order: Galliformes >
              • Moundbuilders - Family: Megapodidae
              • Guineafowl - Family: Numididae
              • Pheasants, Quails and Allies - Family: Phasianidae
            • Cranes, Rails and Allies - Order: Gruiformes >
              • Cranes - Family: Gruidae
              • Rails, Gallinules and Coots - Family: Rallidae
            • Bustards - Order: Otidiformes >
              • Bustards - Family: Otididae
            • Perching Birds - Order: Passeriformes >
              • Thornbills and Allies - Family: Acanthizidae
              • Woodswallows, Butcherbirds and Allies - Family: Artamidae
              • Cuckoo-Shrikes - Family: Campephagidae
              • Australasian Treecreepers - Family: Climacteridae
              • Australian Mudnesters - Family: Corcoracidae
              • Crows, Ravens and Allies - Family: Corvidae
              • Flowerpeckers - Family: Dicaeidae
              • Drongos - Family: Dicruridae
              • Finches, Mannikins and Allies - Family: Estrildidae
              • Shrike-Tits - Family: Falcunculidae
              • Swallows and Martins - Family: Hirundinidae
              • Grassbirds and Allies - Family: Locustellidae
              • Fairywrens and Allies - Family: Maluridae
              • Honeyeaters - Family: Meliphagidae
              • Lyrebirds - Family: Menuridae
              • Monarch Flycatchers - Family: Monarchidae
              • Wagtails and Pipits - Family: Motacillidae
              • Sittellas - Family: Neosittidae
              • Figbirds and Orioles - Family: Oriolidae
              • Whistlers and Allies - Family: Pachycephalidae
              • Pardalotes - Family: Pardalotidae
              • Old World Sparrows - Family: Passeridae
              • Australasian Robins - Family: Petroicidae
              • Whipbirds - Family: Psophodidae
              • Bowerbirds - Family: Ptilonorhynchidae
              • Fantails - Family: Rhipiduridae
              • Starlings - Family: Sturnidae
            • Pelicans, Herons, Ibises and Allies - Order: Pelecaniformes >
              • Herons, Egrets and Bitterns - Family: Ardeidae
              • Pelicans - Family: Pelecanidae
              • Ibises and Spoonbills - Family: Threskiornithidae
            • Grebes - Order: Podicipediformes >
              • Grebes - Family: Podicipedidae
            • Tubenoses - Order: Procellariiformes >
              • Southern Storm Petrels - Family: Oceanitidae
              • Petrels and Shearwaters - Family: Procellariidae
            • Parrots and Cockatoos - Order: Psittaciformes >
              • Cockatoos - Family: Cacatuidae
              • Old World Parrots - Family: Psittaculidae
            • Penguins - Order: Sphenisciformes >
              • Penguins - Family: Spheniscidae
            • Owls - Order: Strigiformes >
              • Barn Owls - Family: Tytonidae
            • Gannets, Cormorants and Allies - Order: Suliformes >
              • Darters - Family: Anhingidae
              • Cormorants and Shags - Family: Phalacrocoracidae
              • Boobies and Gannets - Family: Sulidae
          • Mammals - Class: Mammalia >
            • Prototherians - Subclass: Prototheria >
              • Platypus - Family: Ornithorhynchidae
            • Therians - Subclass: Theria >
              • Marsupials - Infraclass: Marsupialia >
                • Kangaroos, Possums, Wombats and Allies - Order: Diprotodontia >
                  • Kangaroos, Wallabies and Allies - Family: Macropodidae
                  • Cuscuses and Brushtail Possums - Family: Phalangeridae
                  • Koalas - Family: Phascolarctidae
                  • Potoroos and Bettongs - Family: Potoroidae
              • Placental Mammals - Infraclass: Placentalia >
                • Primates, Rodents and Allies - Superorder: Euarchontoglires >
                  • Lagomorphs - Order: Lagomorpha >
                    • Hares and Rabbits - Family: Leporidae
                  • Rodents - Order: Rodentia >
                    • Mice, Rats and Hamsters - Suborder: Myomorpha >
                      • Old World Mice and Rats - Family: Muridae
                • Ungulates, Carnivorans and Allies - Superorder: Laurasiatheria >
                  • Even-toed Ungulates and Cetaceans - Order: Artiodactyla >
                    • Ruminants - Suborder: Ruminantia >
                      • Bovids - Family: Bovidae
                    • Swines and Allies - Suborder: Suina >
                      • Swines - Family: Suidae
                    • Cetaceans and Allies - Suborder: Whippomorpha >
                      • Baleen Whales - Parvorder: Mysticeti >
                        • Humpback Whales and Rorquals - Family: Balaenopteridae
                  • Carnivorans - Order: Carnivora >
                    • Canids - Family: Canidae
                    • Felids - Family: Felidae
                  • Bats - Order: Chiroptera >
                    • Yinpterochiroptera (Suborder) >
                      • Old World Fruit Bats - Superfamily: Pteropodoidea >
                        • Flying Foxes and Allies - Family: Pteropodidae
          • Reptiles - Class: Reptilia >
            • Lizards and Snakes - Order: Squamata >
              • Lizards - Suborder: Sauria >
                • Dragons - Family: Agamidae
                • Skinks - Family: Scincidae
                • Monitors - Family: Varanidae
                • Geckos - Infraorder: Gekkota >
                  • Australian Leaf-tailed Geckos and Allies - Family: Carphodactylidae
                  • Australasian Geckos - Family: Diplodactylidae
                  • Typical Geckos - Family: Gekkonidae
                  • Legless Geckos - Family: Pygopodidae
              • Snakes - Suborder: Serpentes >
                • Colubrid Snakes - Family: Colubridae
                • Venomous Land- and Sea Snakes - Family: Elapidae
                • Pythons - Family: Pythonidae
                • Typical Blind Snakes - Family: Typhlopidae
            • Turtles - Order: Testudines >
              • Side-necked Freshwater Turtles - Family: Chelidae
              • Sea Turtles - Superfamily: Chelonioidea >
                • Typical Sea Turtles - Family: Cheloniidae
      • Cnidarians - Phylum: Cnidaria >
        • Hydrozoans - Class: Hydrozoa >
          • Hydroids - Subclass: Hydrodolina >
            • Thecate Hydroids - Order: Leptothecata
            • Siphonophores - Order: Siphonophora >
              • Man o' Wars and Allies - Suborder: Cystonectae >
                • Man o' Wars - Family: Physaliidae
      • Comb Jellies - Phylum: Ctenophora
      • Cycliophorans - Phylum: Cycliophora
      • Dicyemids - Phylum: Dicyemida
      • Echinoderms - Phylum: Echinodermata
      • Entoprocts - Phylum: Entoprocta
      • Gastrotrichs - Phylum: Gastrotricha
      • Gnathiferans - Phylum: Gnathifera
      • Jaw Worms - Phylum: Gnathostomulida
      • Hemichordates - Phylum: Hemichordata
      • Mud Dragons - Phylum: Kinorhyncha
      • Loriciferans - Phylum: Loricifera
      • Molluscs- Phylum: Mollusca
      • Nematodes - Phylum: Nematoda
      • Horsehair Worms - Phylum: Nematomorpha
      • Ribbon Worms - Phylum: Nemertea
      • Velvet Worms - Phylum: Onychophora >
        • Modern Velvet Worms - Order: Euonychophora >
          • Southern Velvet Worms - Family: Peripatopsidae
      • Orthonectids - Phylum: Orthonectida
      • Horseshoe Worms - Phylum: Phoronida
      • Placozoans - Phylum: Placozoa
      • Flatworms - Phylum: Platyhelminthes >
        • Rhabditophora (Subphylum) >
          • Planarians - Order: Tricladida >
            • Continenticola (Suborder) >
              • Geoplanoidea (Superfamily) >
                • Land Planarians - Family: Geoplanidae
      • Sponges - Phylum: Porifera
      • Priapulid Worms - Phylum: Priapulida
      • Rotifers - Phylum: Rotifera
      • Tardigrades - Phylum: Tardigrada
      • Xenoturbellids - Phylum: Xenacoelomorpha
    • Kelp, Diatoms and Allies - Kingdom: Chromista
    • Fungi and Lichens - Kingdom: Fungi >
      • Basidiomycetes - Phylum: Basidiomycota
      • Zygote Fungi - Phylum: Zygomycota
      • All other Fungi
      • Unidentified Fungi
    • Plants - Kingdom: Plantae >
      • Hornworts - Phylum: Anthocerotophyta
      • Mosses - Phylum: Bryophyta >
        • True Mosses - Class: Bryopsida >
          • Bryales (Order)
          • Rhizogoniales (Order)
      • Charophyte Algae - Phylum: Charophyta
      • Green Algae - Phylum: Chlorophyta
      • Glaucophyte Algae - Phylum: Glaucophyta
      • Liverworts - Phylum: Marchantiophyta
      • Red Algae - Phylum: Rhodophyta
      • Vascular Plants - Phylum: Tracheophyta >
        • Cycads and Zamias - Class: Cycadopsida >
          • Zamias - Family: Zamiaceae
        • Lycophytes - Class: Lycopodiopsida >
          • Clubmosses - Order: Lycopodiales >
            • Clubmosses - Family: Lycopodiaceae
        • Conifers - Class: Pinopsida >
          • Auracarians - Family: Auracariaceae
          • Cypresses and Allies - Family: Cupressaceae
          • Pines and Allies - Family: Pinaceae
          • Yellowwoods and Allies - Family: Podocarpaceae
        • Ferns - Class: Polypodiopsida >
          • Leptosporangiate Ferns - Subclass: Polypodiidae >
            • Tree Ferns - Order: Cyatheales >
              • Scaly Tree Ferns - Family: Cyatheaceae
              • Hairy Tree Ferns - Family: Dicksoniaceae
            • Forked Ferns - Order: Gleicheniales >
              • Forked Ferns - Family: Gleicheniaceae
            • Filmy Ferns - Order: Hymenophyllales >
              • Filmy Ferns - Family: Hymenophyllaceae
            • Polypod Ferns - Order: Polypodiales >
              • Eupolypods ll - Suborder: Aspleniineae >
                • Spleenworts - Family: Aspleniaceae
                • Chain Ferns - Family: Blechnaceae
              • Brackens - Suborder: Dennstaedtiineae >
                • Brackens - Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
              • Eupolypods l - Suborder: Polypodiineae >
                • Sword Ferns - Family: Nephrolepidaceae
                • Polypod Ferns - Family: Polypodiaceae
                • Tectarias - Family: Tectariaceae
              • Brakes - Suborder: Pteridineae >
                • Brakes - Family: Pteridaceae
            • Aquatic Ferns - Order: Salviniales >
              • Water Ferns - Family: Salviniaceae
        • Monocotyledons - Class: Liliopsida >
          • Water Plantains and Allies - Order: Alismatales >
            • Water Plantains - Family: Alismataceae
            • Aroids - Family: Araceae
          • Palms - Order: Arecales >
            • Palms - Family: Arecaceae
          • Agaves, Orchids, Irises and Allies - Order: Asparagales >
            • Amaryllis, Onions and Allies - Family: Amaryllidaceae
            • Agaves, Asparagus and Allies - Family: Asparagaceae
            • Asphodels - Family: Asphodelaceae
            • Irises, Blue Flags and Allies - Family: Iridaceae
            • Orchids - Family: Orchidaceae >
              • Orchids (Part 1.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 2.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 3.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 4.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 5.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 6.) - Family: Orchidaceae
          • Spiderworts and Allies - Order: Commelinales >
            • Spiderworts - Family: Commelinaceae
            • Stream Lilies and Frog-mouths - Family: Phylidraceae
          • Yams, Colicroots and Allies - Order: Dioscoreales >
            • True Yams - Family: Dioscoreaceae
          • Lilies, Supplejacks and Allies - Order: Liliales >
            • Bellworts, Naked Ladies and Allies - Family: Colchicaceae
            • Greenbriers - Family: Smilacaceae
          • Screwpines and Allies - Order: Pandanales >
            • Screwpines - Family: Pandanaceae
          • Grasses and Sedges - Order: Poales >
            • Bromeliads - Family: Bromeliaceae
            • Sedges - Family: Cyperaceae
            • Grasses - Family: Poaceae
            • Restiads - Family: Restionaceae
            • Bulrushes, Cattails and Allies - Family: Typhaceae
          • Canna Lilies and Gingers - Order: Zingiberales >
            • Arrowroots - Family: Marantaceae
            • Gingers - Family: Zingiberaceae
        • Dicotyledons - Class: Magnoliopsida >
          • Carrots, Ivies and Allies - Order: Apiales >
            • Umbellifers - Family: Apiaceae
            • Ivies and Allies - Family: Araliaceae
            • Cheesewoods and Allies - Family: Pittosporaceae
          • Hollies and Allies - Order: Aquifoliales >
            • Cardiopteris - Family: Cardiopteridaceae
          • Sunflowers, Bellflowers, Fanflowers and Allies - Order: Asterales >
            • Korokios and Allies - Family: Argyophyllaceae
            • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies - Family: Asteraceae >
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 1.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 2.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 3.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 4.) - Family: Asteraceae
            • Bellflowers, Lobelias and Allies - Family: Campanulaceae
            • Fanflowers, Goodenias and Allies - Family: Goodeniaceae
            • Bogbeans and Allies - Family: Menyanthaceae
          • Borage and Allies - Order: Boraginales >
            • Borage - Family: Boraginaceae
          • Mustards, Capers and Allies - Ordser: Brassicales >
            • Mustards and Allies - Family: Brassicaceae
            • Capers and Allies - Family: Capparaceae
            • Papayas - Family: Caricaceae
          • Canellas, Winter's Bark and Allies - Order: Canellales
          • Pinks, Cactuses and Allies - Order: Caryophyllales >
            • Stone Plants - Family: Aizoaceae
            • Amaranths and Allies - Family: Amaranthaceae
            • Basellas - Family: Basellaceae
            • Cactuses - Family: Cactaceae
            • Pinks, Chickweeds and Allies - Family: Caryophyllaceae
            • Sundews - Family: Droseraceae
            • Umbrellaworts - Family: Nyctaginaceae
            • Pokeweeds - Family: Phytolaccaceae
            • Knotweeds - Family: Polygonaceae
            • Purslanes - Family: Portulaceae
          • Staff-vines and Allies - Order: Celastrales >
            • Staff-vines - Family: Celastraceae
          • Gourds, Begonias and Allies - Order: Cucurbitales
          • Guinea Flowers and Allies - Order: Dilleniales >
            • Guinea Flowers - Family: Dilleniaceae
          • Heaths, Balsams, Primroses and Allies - Order: Ericales >
            • Balsams and Allies - Family: Balsaminaceae
            • Persimmons and Allies - Family: Ebenaceae
            • Heaths - Family: Ericaceae
            • Primroses - Family: Primulaceae
            • Sapodillas - Family: Sapotaceae
          • Escallonias and Allies - Order: Escalloniales >
            • Escallonias - Family: Escalloniaceae
          • Legumes, Milkworts and Allies - Order: Fabales >
            • Legumes - Family: Fabaceae >
              • Legumes (Part 1) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 2) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 3) - Family: Fabaceae
          • Beeches, Oaks, Walnuts and Allies - Order: Fagales >
            • Birches and Allies - Family: Betulaceae
            • Sheoaks - Family: Casuarinaceae
            • Oaks - Family: Fagaceae
            • Southern Beeches - Family: Nothofagaceae
            • Walnuts - Family: Juglandaceae
          • Gentians, Dogbanes, Madders and Allies - Order: Gentianales >
            • Dogbanes - Family: Apocynaceae
            • Madders - Family: Rubiaceae
          • Geraniums, Cranesbills and Allies - Order: Geraniales >
            • Geraniums and Cranesbills - Family: Geraniaceae
          • Mints, Plantains, Olives and Allies - Order: Lamiales >
            • Acanthuses and Allies - Family: Acanthaceae
            • Bignonias - Family: Bignoniaceae
            • Gesnerias - Family: Gesneriaceae
            • Mints - Family: Lamiaceae
            • Bladderworts - Family: Lentibulariaceae
            • Olives and Allies - Family: Oleaceae
            • Plantains - Family: Plantaginaceae
            • Figworts - Family: Scrophulariaceae
            • Verbenas - Family: Verbenaceae
          • Laurels, Spicebushes and Allies - Order: Laurales >
            • Laurels - Family: Lauraceae
          • Magnolias, Nutmegs and Allies - Order: Magnoliales >
            • Bolwarras - Family: Eupomatiaceae
          • Nances, Willows and Allies - Order: Malpighiales >
            • Spurges - Family: Euphorbiaceae
            • Ochnas - Family: Ochnaceae
            • Passionflowers - Family: Passifloraceae
            • Leaf-flowers - Family: Phyllanthaceae
            • Picrodendrons - Family: Picrodendraceae
            • Ironplums - Family: Putranjivaceae
            • Mangroves - Family: Rhizoporaceae
            • Violets - Family: Violaceae
          • Mallows, Rock-roses and Allies - Order: Malvales >
            • Stringbarks - Family: Thymelaeaceae
            • Mallows, Hibiscuses and Allies - Family: Malvaceae
          • Myrtles, Evening Primroses and Allies - Order: Myrtales >
            • Lythrums and Allies - Family: Lythraceae
            • Melastomes - Family: Melastomataceae
            • Myrtles, Eucalypts, Melaleucas and Allies - Family: Myrtaceae >
              • Waxflowers and Allies - Tribe: Chamelaucieae
              • Gum Trees - Tribe: Eucalypteae
              • Tea Trees and Myrtles - Tribe: Leptospermeae
              • Melaleucas - Tribe: Melaleuceae
              • Waterberries - Tribe: Syzygieae
              • All other Tribes - Subfamily: Myrtoidea
            • Evening Primroses and Allies - Family: Onagraceae
          • Waterlilies, Fanworts and Allies - Order: Nymphaeales >
            • Waterlilies - Family: Nymphaeaceae
          • Woodsorrels, Quandongs and Allies - Order: Oxalidales >
            • Butterspoons - Family: Cunoniaceae
            • Quandongs - Family: Elaecarpaceae
            • Woodsorrels - Family: Oxalidaceae
          • Pepper Plants, Birthworts and Allies - Order: Piperales >
            • Pepper Plants - Family: Piperaceae
          • Proteas, Lotuses, Planes and Allies - Order: Proteales >
            • Proteas and Allies - Family: Proteaceae >
              • Grevilleas, Banksias and Allies - Subfamily: Grevilleoidea >
                • Banksias - Tribe: Banksieae
                • Firebushes and Allies - Tribe: Embothrieae
                • Macadamias and Allies - Tribe: Macadamieae
                • Honeysuckles and Allies - Tribe: Roupaleae
              • Primitive Proteas - Subfamily: Persoonioideae >
                • Geebungs and Allies - Tribe: Persoonieae
              • Singlet Proteas - Subfamily: Proteoideae >
                • Featherbushes and Conesticks - Tribe: Petrophileae
          • Buttercups, Poppies and Allies - Order: Ranunculales >
            • Buttercups - Family: Ranunculaceae
            • Moonseeds - Family: Menispermaceae
            • Poppies and Allies - Family: Papaveraceae
          • Roses, Figs, Elms and Allies - Order: Rosales >
            • Hemps and Allies - Family: Cannabaceae
            • Figs, Mulberries and Allies - Family: Moraceae
            • Buckthorns and Allies - Family: Rhamnaceae
            • Roses, Brambles and Allies - Family: Rosaceae
            • Elms and Allies - Family: Ulmaceae
            • Nettles and Allies - Family: Urticaceae
          • Sandalwoods, Mistletoes and Allies - Order: Santalales >
            • Showy Mistletoes - Family: Loranthaceae
            • Sandalwoods - Family: Santalaceae
          • Soapberries, Mahoganies and Allies - Order: Sapindales >
            • Cashews, Sumacs and Allies - Family: Anacardiaceae
            • Mahoganies and Allies - Family: Meliaceae
            • Rues, Citruses and Allies - Family: Rutaceae
            • Soapberries and Allies - Family: Sapindaceae
            • Quassias, Corkwoods and Allies - Family: Simaroubaceae
          • Saxifrages, Stonecrops and Allies - Order: Saxifragales >
            • Stonecrops and Allies - Family: Crassulaceae
          • Nightshades, Bindweeds and Allies - Order: Solanales >
            • Bindweeds, Ponysfoots and Allies - Family: Convolvulaceae
            • Nightshades, Tobacco and Allies - Family: Solanaceae
          • Grapes and Allies - Order: Vitales >
            • Grapes and Allies - Family: Vitaceae
    • Protozoans - Kingdom: Protozoa >
      • Slime Moulds - Phylum: Mycetozoa >
        • True Slime Moulds - Class: Myxomycetes
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Earthworms  -  Order:   Crassiclitellata
      With about 6,000 species in twenty families (nine in two suborders and eleven unplaced) earthworms are a surprisingly large group of animals that are found on all continents except Antarctica.  Australia can boast of about 1000 endemic species from three familes and 80 introduced species.   For the Northern Rivers 17 species are listed below but, this list is by no means to be considered complete.   It is highly likely - presumed even - that earthworm diversity in the Northern Rivers is much greater than the list would suggest.  However, earthworms tend to be taken for granted and as a result, few people actively seek them out which means records are not all that plentiful.
      The lack of public interest in earthworms is not at all indicative of the critically important role they play as soil cultivators.   Sir Charles Darwin was absolutely correct when he extolled the earthworms' virtues for their role in soil improvement and farm production.  Only in the past 40 years or so has science caught on and 'vermiculture' - the cultivativation of worms for the purpose of producing vermicompost - is now a sizeable industry.   And rightly so,  worms, by moving through the soil, de-compact and aerate it.  In healthy soil they occur in vast numbers consuming organic waste as they go and depositing large amounts of droppings (an organic fertilizer) on the surface. 

      Identification of earthworms is not at all a straightforward task as it often requires examination of the genitals and, sometimes the counting of segments, to distinguish one species from another.   Many species are similarly coloured and of comparable size.  It is however helpful to consider that many species are bound to certain localities and this may facilitate identification by eliminating options.  


Unplaced family:  Ocnerodrilidae

      Eukerria saltensis     (likely occurrence)




Suborder:  Lumbricina
Family:  Acanthodrilidae
     (possible occurrence)

      Genus  ?




Family:  Eudrilidae

      African Night Crawler  -  Eudrilus eugeniae     (likely occurrence)




Family:   Lumbricidae
​
      Rosy-tipped Worm  -  Aporrectodea rosea     (possible occurrence)

​

      Southern Worm  -  Aporrectodea trapezoides

​

      American Barkworm  -  Bimastos parvus     (possible occurrence)

​

      Eisenia andrei​     (likely occurrence)



      Compost Worm  -  Eisenia fetida     (likely occurrence)

​

      Red Marsh Worm  -  Lumbricus rubellus

​

      Common Earthworm  -  Lumbricus terrestris


Picture
C 2388 - E.Beringen

      Blue-grey Worm  -  Octolasion cyaneum

​


Suborder:  Megascolecida
Family:  Megascolecidae


      Green Jumping Worm  -  Amynthas corticis

​

      Thin Jumping Worm  -  Amynthas gracilis

​

      Didymogaster sp.

​

      Digaster longmani



      Diprochaeta sp.     (possible occurrence)

​

      Fletcherodrilus unicus

​

      Pontodrilus litoralis

​


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Taxonomy:

Phylum:   Annelida    (Segmented Worms) 
                    > Class:   Clitellata    (Clitellates)
                              > Subclass:   Oligochaeta    (Earthworms and Allies)
                                                  > Order:   Crassiclitellata
                                                                                > Family:    Ocnerodrilidae
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Eukerria  *
​                                                                                                              > Species:   E. saltensis  *
                                                            > Suborder:   Lumbricina
                                                                                > Family:   Acanthodrilidae   (Bristly Earthworms)  ^
​                                                                                                    > Genus:  ?

                                                                                > Family:   Eudrilidae
​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Eudrilus
​                                                                                                              > Species:   E. eugeniae - African Night Crawler   *

                                                                                > Family:   Lumbricidae   (Earthworms)
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Aporrectodea
​                                                                                                              > Species:   A. rosea - Rosy-tipped Worm  ^
​                                                                                                              > Species:   A. trapezoides - Southern Worm
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Bimastos
​                                                                                                              > Species:   B. parvus - American Barkworm  ^
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Eisenia    * (Wrigglers)
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   E. andrei
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   E. fetida - Compost Worm
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Lumbricus
                                                                                                              > Species:   L. rubellus - Red Marsh Worm
​                                                                                                              > Species:   L. terrestris - Common Earthworm
                                                                                                     > Genus:   Octolasion    (Field Worms)
​
​                                                                                                              > Species:   O. cyaneum - Blue-grey Worm

                                                            > Suborder:   Megascolecida    (Giant Earthworms)
                                                                                > Family:   Megascolecidae
​​​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Amynthas   (Snake Earthworms)
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   A, corticis - Green Jumping Worm
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   A. gracilis - Thin Jumping Worm
​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Didymogaster
​​                                                                                                              > Species:  ?
                                                                                                    > Genus:   Digaster
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   D. longmani
​​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Diprochaeta   ^
​​                                                                                                              > Species:  ?
​​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Fletcherodrilus
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   F. unicus
​                                                                                                    > Genus:   Pontodrilus
​​                                                                                                              > Species:   P. litoralis

*   =   likely
^   =   possibly

References  and  links:
​
>      Darwin, C.,  (1881).   'The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms, with Observations on their Habits.'   D. Appleton & Co., New York.
>      Staggs, H.,   (2021).  'Vermiculture: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Agriculture.'  Integrated Studies. 328.   https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/bis437/328

       https://australian.museum/learn/animals/worms/australian-earthworms/
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost
​

Photographic  contributions:
Beringen, Erik.                                C 2388.


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              • Orchids (Part 1.) - Family: Orchidaceae
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              • Orchids (Part 6.) - Family: Orchidaceae
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              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 1.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 2.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 3.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 4.) - Family: Asteraceae
            • Bellflowers, Lobelias and Allies - Family: Campanulaceae
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            • Knotweeds - Family: Polygonaceae
            • Purslanes - Family: Portulaceae
          • Staff-vines and Allies - Order: Celastrales >
            • Staff-vines - Family: Celastraceae
          • Gourds, Begonias and Allies - Order: Cucurbitales
          • Guinea Flowers and Allies - Order: Dilleniales >
            • Guinea Flowers - Family: Dilleniaceae
          • Heaths, Balsams, Primroses and Allies - Order: Ericales >
            • Balsams and Allies - Family: Balsaminaceae
            • Persimmons and Allies - Family: Ebenaceae
            • Heaths - Family: Ericaceae
            • Primroses - Family: Primulaceae
            • Sapodillas - Family: Sapotaceae
          • Escallonias and Allies - Order: Escalloniales >
            • Escallonias - Family: Escalloniaceae
          • Legumes, Milkworts and Allies - Order: Fabales >
            • Legumes - Family: Fabaceae >
              • Legumes (Part 1) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 2) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 3) - Family: Fabaceae
          • Beeches, Oaks, Walnuts and Allies - Order: Fagales >
            • Birches and Allies - Family: Betulaceae
            • Sheoaks - Family: Casuarinaceae
            • Oaks - Family: Fagaceae
            • Southern Beeches - Family: Nothofagaceae
            • Walnuts - Family: Juglandaceae
          • Gentians, Dogbanes, Madders and Allies - Order: Gentianales >
            • Dogbanes - Family: Apocynaceae
            • Madders - Family: Rubiaceae
          • Geraniums, Cranesbills and Allies - Order: Geraniales >
            • Geraniums and Cranesbills - Family: Geraniaceae
          • Mints, Plantains, Olives and Allies - Order: Lamiales >
            • Acanthuses and Allies - Family: Acanthaceae
            • Bignonias - Family: Bignoniaceae
            • Gesnerias - Family: Gesneriaceae
            • Mints - Family: Lamiaceae
            • Bladderworts - Family: Lentibulariaceae
            • Olives and Allies - Family: Oleaceae
            • Plantains - Family: Plantaginaceae
            • Figworts - Family: Scrophulariaceae
            • Verbenas - Family: Verbenaceae
          • Laurels, Spicebushes and Allies - Order: Laurales >
            • Laurels - Family: Lauraceae
          • Magnolias, Nutmegs and Allies - Order: Magnoliales >
            • Bolwarras - Family: Eupomatiaceae
          • Nances, Willows and Allies - Order: Malpighiales >
            • Spurges - Family: Euphorbiaceae
            • Ochnas - Family: Ochnaceae
            • Passionflowers - Family: Passifloraceae
            • Leaf-flowers - Family: Phyllanthaceae
            • Picrodendrons - Family: Picrodendraceae
            • Ironplums - Family: Putranjivaceae
            • Mangroves - Family: Rhizoporaceae
            • Violets - Family: Violaceae
          • Mallows, Rock-roses and Allies - Order: Malvales >
            • Stringbarks - Family: Thymelaeaceae
            • Mallows, Hibiscuses and Allies - Family: Malvaceae
          • Myrtles, Evening Primroses and Allies - Order: Myrtales >
            • Lythrums and Allies - Family: Lythraceae
            • Melastomes - Family: Melastomataceae
            • Myrtles, Eucalypts, Melaleucas and Allies - Family: Myrtaceae >
              • Waxflowers and Allies - Tribe: Chamelaucieae
              • Gum Trees - Tribe: Eucalypteae
              • Tea Trees and Myrtles - Tribe: Leptospermeae
              • Melaleucas - Tribe: Melaleuceae
              • Waterberries - Tribe: Syzygieae
              • All other Tribes - Subfamily: Myrtoidea
            • Evening Primroses and Allies - Family: Onagraceae
          • Waterlilies, Fanworts and Allies - Order: Nymphaeales >
            • Waterlilies - Family: Nymphaeaceae
          • Woodsorrels, Quandongs and Allies - Order: Oxalidales >
            • Butterspoons - Family: Cunoniaceae
            • Quandongs - Family: Elaecarpaceae
            • Woodsorrels - Family: Oxalidaceae
          • Pepper Plants, Birthworts and Allies - Order: Piperales >
            • Pepper Plants - Family: Piperaceae
          • Proteas, Lotuses, Planes and Allies - Order: Proteales >
            • Proteas and Allies - Family: Proteaceae >
              • Grevilleas, Banksias and Allies - Subfamily: Grevilleoidea >
                • Banksias - Tribe: Banksieae
                • Firebushes and Allies - Tribe: Embothrieae
                • Macadamias and Allies - Tribe: Macadamieae
                • Honeysuckles and Allies - Tribe: Roupaleae
              • Primitive Proteas - Subfamily: Persoonioideae >
                • Geebungs and Allies - Tribe: Persoonieae
              • Singlet Proteas - Subfamily: Proteoideae >
                • Featherbushes and Conesticks - Tribe: Petrophileae
          • Buttercups, Poppies and Allies - Order: Ranunculales >
            • Buttercups - Family: Ranunculaceae
            • Moonseeds - Family: Menispermaceae
            • Poppies and Allies - Family: Papaveraceae
          • Roses, Figs, Elms and Allies - Order: Rosales >
            • Hemps and Allies - Family: Cannabaceae
            • Figs, Mulberries and Allies - Family: Moraceae
            • Buckthorns and Allies - Family: Rhamnaceae
            • Roses, Brambles and Allies - Family: Rosaceae
            • Elms and Allies - Family: Ulmaceae
            • Nettles and Allies - Family: Urticaceae
          • Sandalwoods, Mistletoes and Allies - Order: Santalales >
            • Showy Mistletoes - Family: Loranthaceae
            • Sandalwoods - Family: Santalaceae
          • Soapberries, Mahoganies and Allies - Order: Sapindales >
            • Cashews, Sumacs and Allies - Family: Anacardiaceae
            • Mahoganies and Allies - Family: Meliaceae
            • Rues, Citruses and Allies - Family: Rutaceae
            • Soapberries and Allies - Family: Sapindaceae
            • Quassias, Corkwoods and Allies - Family: Simaroubaceae
          • Saxifrages, Stonecrops and Allies - Order: Saxifragales >
            • Stonecrops and Allies - Family: Crassulaceae
          • Nightshades, Bindweeds and Allies - Order: Solanales >
            • Bindweeds, Ponysfoots and Allies - Family: Convolvulaceae
            • Nightshades, Tobacco and Allies - Family: Solanaceae
          • Grapes and Allies - Order: Vitales >
            • Grapes and Allies - Family: Vitaceae
    • Protozoans - Kingdom: Protozoa >
      • Slime Moulds - Phylum: Mycetozoa >
        • True Slime Moulds - Class: Myxomycetes
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