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The Northern Rivers Project
  • Home
    • About the Northern Rivers Project website, and, how to use it.
  • Life
    • Easy navigator to the LIFE pages. >
      • Arachnids, Spiders, Harvestmen, Scorpions, Ticks and Mites of the Northern Rivers, Index
      • Birds, Index
      • Butterflies of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Mammals of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Reptiles of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
    • Animals - Kingdom: Animalia >
      • Thorny-headed Worms - Phylum: Acanthocephala
      • Segmented Worms - Phylum: Annelida
      • Arthropods - Phylum: Arthropoda
      • Brachiopods - Phylum Brachiopoda
      • Bryozoans - Phylum: Bryozoa
      • Arrow Worms - Phylum: Chaetognatha
      • Chordates - Phylum: Chordata >
        • Vertebrates - Subphylum: Vertebrata >
          • Amphibians - Class: Amphibia >
            • Frogs and Toads - Order: Anura >
              • True Toads - Family: Bufonidae
              • Australasian Tree Frogs - Family: Pelodryadidae
              • Australian Ground Frogs - Family: Myobatrachidae
              • Foam-nesting Ground Frogs - Family: Limnodynastidae
              • Frogs, Index
          • Birds - Class: Aves >
            • Hawks, Eagles, Kites and Allies - Order: Accipitriformes >
              • Hawks, Eagles and Kites - Family: Accipitridae
              • Ospreys - Family: Pandionidae
            • Waterfowl - Order: Anseriformes >
              • Ducks, Geese and Swans - Family: Anatidae
              • Magpie Goose - Family: Anseranatidae
            • Nightjars, Swifts and Allies - Order: Caprimulgiformes >
              • Nightjars - Family: Caprimulgidae
              • Frogmouths - Family: Podargidae
            • Cassowaries and Emus - Order: Casuariiformes >
              • Emus - Family: Casuariidae
            • Shorebirds and Allies - Order: Charadriiformes >
              • Stone-Curlews - Family: Burhinidae
              • Plovers and Lapwings - Family: Charadriidae
              • Oystercatchers - Family: Haematopodidae
              • Gulls and Terns - Family: Laridae
              • Stilts and Avocets - Family: Recurvirostridae
              • Sandpipers and Allies - Family: Scolopacidae
              • Skuas - Family: Stercorariidae
              • Buttonquails - Family: Turnicidae
            • Storks - Order: Ciconiiformes >
              • Storks - Family: Ciconiidae
            • Pigeons and Doves - Order: Columbiformes >
              • Pigeons and Doves - Family: Columbidae
            • Kingfishers and Allies - Order: Coraciiformes >
              • Kingfishers - Family: Alcedinidae
              • Bee-eaters - Family: Meropidae
            • Cuckoos - Order: Cuculiformes >
              • Cuckoos - Family: Cuculidae
            • Falcons and Allies - Order: Falconiformes >
              • Falcons and Allies - Family: Falconidae
            • Landfowl - Order: Galliformes >
              • Moundbuilders - Family: Megapodidae
              • Guineafowl - Family: Numididae
              • Pheasants, Quails and Allies - Family: Phasianidae
            • Cranes, Rails and Allies - Order: Gruiformes >
              • Cranes - Family: Gruidae
              • Rails, Gallinules and Coots - Family: Rallidae
            • Bustards - Order: Otidiformes >
              • Bustards - Family: Otididae
            • Perching Birds - Order: Passeriformes >
              • Thornbills and Allies - Family: Acanthizidae
              • Woodswallows, Butcherbirds and Allies - Family: Artamidae
              • Cuckoo-Shrikes - Family: Campephagidae
              • Australasian Treecreepers - Family: Climacteridae
              • Australian Mudnesters - Family: Corcoracidae
              • Crows, Ravens and Allies - Family: Corvidae
              • Flowerpeckers - Family: Dicaeidae
              • Drongos - Family: Dicruridae
              • Finches, Mannikins and Allies - Family: Estrildidae
              • Shrike-Tits - Family: Falcunculidae
              • Swallows and Martins - Family: Hirundinidae
              • Grassbirds and Allies - Family: Locustellidae
              • Fairywrens and Allies - Family: Maluridae
              • Honeyeaters - Family: Meliphagidae
              • Lyrebirds - Family: Menuridae
              • Monarch Flycatchers - Family: Monarchidae
              • Wagtails and Pipits - Family: Motacillidae
              • Sittellas - Family: Neosittidae
              • Figbirds and Orioles - Family: Oriolidae
              • Whistlers and Allies - Family: Pachycephalidae
              • Pardalotes - Family: Pardalotidae
              • Old World Sparrows - Family: Passeridae
              • Australasian Robins - Family: Petroicidae
              • Whipbirds - Family: Psophodidae
              • Bowerbirds - Family: Ptilonorhynchidae
              • Fantails - Family: Rhipiduridae
              • Starlings - Family: Sturnidae
            • Pelicans, Herons, Ibises and Allies - Order: Pelecaniformes >
              • Herons, Egrets and Bitterns - Family: Ardeidae
              • Pelicans - Family: Pelecanidae
              • Ibises and Spoonbills - Family: Threskiornithidae
            • Grebes - Order: Podicipediformes >
              • Grebes - Family: Podicipedidae
            • Tubenoses - Order: Procellariiformes >
              • Southern Storm Petrels - Family: Oceanitidae
              • Petrels and Shearwaters - Family: Procellariidae
            • Parrots and Cockatoos - Order: Psittaciformes >
              • Cockatoos - Family: Cacatuidae
              • Old World Parrots - Family: Psittaculidae
            • Penguins - Order: Sphenisciformes >
              • Penguins - Family: Spheniscidae
            • Owls - Order: Strigiformes >
              • Barn Owls - Family: Tytonidae
            • Gannets, Cormorants and Allies - Order: Suliformes >
              • Darters - Family: Anhingidae
              • Cormorants and Shags - Family: Phalacrocoracidae
              • Boobies and Gannets - Family: Sulidae
          • Mammals - Class: Mammalia >
            • Prototherians - Subclass: Prototheria >
              • Platypus - Family: Ornithorhynchidae
            • Therians - Subclass: Theria >
              • Marsupials - Infraclass: Marsupialia >
                • Kangaroos, Possums, Wombats and Allies - Order: Diprotodontia >
                  • Kangaroos, Wallabies and Allies - Family: Macropodidae
                  • Cuscuses and Brushtail Possums - Family: Phalangeridae
                  • Koalas - Family: Phascolarctidae
                  • Potoroos and Bettongs - Family: Potoroidae
              • Placental Mammals - Infraclass: Placentalia >
                • Primates, Rodents and Allies - Superorder: Euarchontoglires >
                  • Lagomorphs - Order: Lagomorpha >
                    • Hares and Rabbits - Family: Leporidae
                  • Rodents - Order: Rodentia >
                    • Mice, Rats and Hamsters - Suborder: Myomorpha >
                      • Old World Mice and Rats - Family: Muridae
                • Ungulates, Carnivorans and Allies - Superorder: Laurasiatheria >
                  • Even-toed Ungulates and Cetaceans - Order: Artiodactyla >
                    • Ruminants - Suborder: Ruminantia >
                      • Bovids - Family: Bovidae
                    • Swines and Allies - Suborder: Suina >
                      • Swines - Family: Suidae
                    • Cetaceans and Allies - Suborder: Whippomorpha >
                      • Baleen Whales - Parvorder: Mysticeti >
                        • Humpback Whales and Rorquals - Family: Balaenopteridae
                  • Carnivorans - Order: Carnivora >
                    • Canids - Family: Canidae
                    • Felids - Family: Felidae
                  • Bats - Order: Chiroptera >
                    • Yinpterochiroptera (Suborder) >
                      • Old World Fruit Bats - Superfamily: Pteropodoidea >
                        • Flying Foxes and Allies - Family: Pteropodidae
          • Reptiles - Class: Reptilia >
            • Lizards and Snakes - Order: Squamata >
              • Lizards - Suborder: Sauria >
                • Dragons - Family: Agamidae
                • Skinks - Family: Scincidae
                • Monitors - Family: Varanidae
                • Geckos - Infraorder: Gekkota >
                  • Australian Leaf-tailed Geckos and Allies - Family: Carphodactylidae
                  • Australasian Geckos - Family: Diplodactylidae
                  • Typical Geckos - Family: Gekkonidae
                  • Legless Geckos - Family: Pygopodidae
              • Snakes - Suborder: Serpentes >
                • Colubrid Snakes - Family: Colubridae
                • Venomous Land- and Sea Snakes - Family: Elapidae
                • Pythons - Family: Pythonidae
                • Typical Blind Snakes - Family: Typhlopidae
            • Turtles - Order: Testudines >
              • Side-necked Freshwater Turtles - Family: Chelidae
              • Sea Turtles - Superfamily: Chelonioidea >
                • Typical Sea Turtles - Family: Cheloniidae
      • Cnidarians - Phylum: Cnidaria >
        • Hydrozoans - Class: Hydrozoa >
          • Hydroids - Subclass: Hydrodolina >
            • Thecate Hydroids - Order: Leptothecata
            • Siphonophores - Order: Siphonophora >
              • Man o' Wars and Allies - Suborder: Cystonectae >
                • Man o' Wars - Family: Physaliidae
      • Comb Jellies - Phylum: Ctenophora
      • Cycliophorans - Phylum: Cycliophora
      • Dicyemids - Phylum: Dicyemida
      • Echinoderms - Phylum: Echinodermata
      • Entoprocts - Phylum: Entoprocta
      • Gastrotrichs - Phylum: Gastrotricha
      • Gnathiferans - Phylum: Gnathifera
      • Jaw Worms - Phylum: Gnathostomulida
      • Hemichordates - Phylum: Hemichordata
      • Mud Dragons - Phylum: Kinorhyncha
      • Loriciferans - Phylum: Loricifera
      • Molluscs- Phylum: Mollusca
      • Nematodes - Phylum: Nematoda
      • Horsehair Worms - Phylum: Nematomorpha
      • Ribbon Worms - Phylum: Nemertea
      • Velvet Worms - Phylum: Onychophora >
        • Modern Velvet Worms - Order: Euonychophora >
          • Southern Velvet Worms - Family: Peripatopsidae
      • Orthonectids - Phylum: Orthonectida
      • Horseshoe Worms - Phylum: Phoronida
      • Placozoans - Phylum: Placozoa
      • Flatworms - Phylum: Platyhelminthes >
        • Rhabditophora (Subphylum) >
          • Planarians - Order: Tricladida >
            • Continenticola (Suborder) >
              • Geoplanoidea (Superfamily) >
                • Land Planarians - Family: Geoplanidae
      • Sponges - Phylum: Porifera
      • Priapulid Worms - Phylum: Priapulida
      • Rotifers - Phylum: Rotifera
      • Tardigrades - Phylum: Tardigrada
      • Xenoturbellids - Phylum: Xenacoelomorpha
    • Kelp, Diatoms and Allies - Kingdom: Chromista
    • Fungi and Lichens - Kingdom: Fungi >
      • Basidiomycetes - Phylum: Basidiomycota
      • Zygote Fungi - Phylum: Zygomycota
      • All other Fungi
      • Unidentified Fungi
    • Plants - Kingdom: Plantae >
      • Hornworts - Phylum: Anthocerotophyta
      • Mosses - Phylum: Bryophyta >
        • True Mosses - Class: Bryopsida >
          • Bryales (Order)
          • Rhizogoniales (Order)
      • Charophyte Algae - Phylum: Charophyta
      • Green Algae - Phylum: Chlorophyta
      • Glaucophyte Algae - Phylum: Glaucophyta
      • Liverworts - Phylum: Marchantiophyta
      • Red Algae - Phylum: Rhodophyta
      • Vascular Plants - Phylum: Tracheophyta >
        • Cycads and Zamias - Class: Cycadopsida >
          • Zamias - Family: Zamiaceae
        • Lycophytes - Class: Lycopodiopsida >
          • Clubmosses - Order: Lycopodiales >
            • Clubmosses - Family: Lycopodiaceae
        • Conifers - Class: Pinopsida >
          • Auracarians - Family: Auracariaceae
          • Cypresses and Allies - Family: Cupressaceae
          • Pines and Allies - Family: Pinaceae
          • Yellowwoods and Allies - Family: Podocarpaceae
        • Ferns - Class: Polypodiopsida >
          • Leptosporangiate Ferns - Subclass: Polypodiidae >
            • Tree Ferns - Order: Cyatheales >
              • Scaly Tree Ferns - Family: Cyatheaceae
              • Hairy Tree Ferns - Family: Dicksoniaceae
            • Forked Ferns - Order: Gleicheniales >
              • Forked Ferns - Family: Gleicheniaceae
            • Filmy Ferns - Order: Hymenophyllales >
              • Filmy Ferns - Family: Hymenophyllaceae
            • Polypod Ferns - Order: Polypodiales >
              • Eupolypods ll - Suborder: Aspleniineae >
                • Spleenworts - Family: Aspleniaceae
                • Chain Ferns - Family: Blechnaceae
              • Brackens - Suborder: Dennstaedtiineae >
                • Brackens - Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
              • Eupolypods l - Suborder: Polypodiineae >
                • Sword Ferns - Family: Nephrolepidaceae
                • Polypod Ferns - Family: Polypodiaceae
                • Tectarias - Family: Tectariaceae
              • Brakes - Suborder: Pteridineae >
                • Brakes - Family: Pteridaceae
            • Aquatic Ferns - Order: Salviniales >
              • Water Ferns - Family: Salviniaceae
        • Monocotyledons - Class: Liliopsida >
          • Water Plantains and Allies - Order: Alismatales >
            • Water Plantains - Family: Alismataceae
            • Aroids - Family: Araceae
          • Palms - Order: Arecales >
            • Palms - Family: Arecaceae
          • Agaves, Orchids, Irises and Allies - Order: Asparagales >
            • Amaryllis, Onions and Allies - Family: Amaryllidaceae
            • Agaves, Asparagus and Allies - Family: Asparagaceae
            • Asphodels - Family: Asphodelaceae
            • Irises, Blue Flags and Allies - Family: Iridaceae
            • Orchids - Family: Orchidaceae >
              • Orchids (Part 1.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 2.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 3.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 4.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 5.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 6.) - Family: Orchidaceae
          • Spiderworts and Allies - Order: Commelinales >
            • Spiderworts - Family: Commelinaceae
            • Stream Lilies and Frog-mouths - Family: Phylidraceae
          • Yams, Colicroots and Allies - Order: Dioscoreales >
            • True Yams - Family: Dioscoreaceae
          • Lilies, Supplejacks and Allies - Order: Liliales >
            • Bellworts, Naked Ladies and Allies - Family: Colchicaceae
            • Greenbriers - Family: Smilacaceae
          • Screwpines and Allies - Order: Pandanales >
            • Screwpines - Family: Pandanaceae
          • Grasses and Sedges - Order: Poales >
            • Bromeliads - Family: Bromeliaceae
            • Sedges - Family: Cyperaceae
            • Grasses - Family: Poaceae
            • Restiads - Family: Restionaceae
            • Bulrushes, Cattails and Allies - Family: Typhaceae
          • Canna Lilies and Gingers - Order: Zingiberales >
            • Arrowroots - Family: Marantaceae
            • Gingers - Family: Zingiberaceae
        • Dicotyledons - Class: Magnoliopsida >
          • Carrots, Ivies and Allies - Order: Apiales >
            • Umbellifers - Family: Apiaceae
            • Ivies and Allies - Family: Araliaceae
            • Cheesewoods and Allies - Family: Pittosporaceae
          • Hollies and Allies - Order: Aquifoliales >
            • Cardiopteris - Family: Cardiopteridaceae
          • Sunflowers, Bellflowers, Fanflowers and Allies - Order: Asterales >
            • Korokios and Allies - Family: Argyophyllaceae
            • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies - Family: Asteraceae >
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 1.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 2.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 3.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 4.) - Family: Asteraceae
            • Bellflowers, Lobelias and Allies - Family: Campanulaceae
            • Fanflowers, Goodenias and Allies - Family: Goodeniaceae
            • Bogbeans and Allies - Family: Menyanthaceae
          • Borage and Allies - Order: Boraginales >
            • Borage - Family: Boraginaceae
          • Mustards, Capers and Allies - Ordser: Brassicales >
            • Mustards and Allies - Family: Brassicaceae
            • Capers and Allies - Family: Capparaceae
            • Papayas - Family: Caricaceae
          • Canellas, Winter's Bark and Allies - Order: Canellales
          • Pinks, Cactuses and Allies - Order: Caryophyllales >
            • Stone Plants - Family: Aizoaceae
            • Amaranths and Allies - Family: Amaranthaceae
            • Basellas - Family: Basellaceae
            • Cactuses - Family: Cactaceae
            • Pinks, Chickweeds and Allies - Family: Caryophyllaceae
            • Sundews - Family: Droseraceae
            • Umbrellaworts - Family: Nyctaginaceae
            • Pokeweeds - Family: Phytolaccaceae
            • Knotweeds - Family: Polygonaceae
            • Purslanes - Family: Portulaceae
          • Staff-vines and Allies - Order: Celastrales >
            • Staff-vines - Family: Celastraceae
          • Gourds, Begonias and Allies - Order: Cucurbitales
          • Guinea Flowers and Allies - Order: Dilleniales >
            • Guinea Flowers - Family: Dilleniaceae
          • Heaths, Balsams, Primroses and Allies - Order: Ericales >
            • Balsams and Allies - Family: Balsaminaceae
            • Persimmons and Allies - Family: Ebenaceae
            • Heaths - Family: Ericaceae
            • Primroses - Family: Primulaceae
            • Sapodillas - Family: Sapotaceae
          • Escallonias and Allies - Order: Escalloniales >
            • Escallonias - Family: Escalloniaceae
          • Legumes, Milkworts and Allies - Order: Fabales >
            • Legumes - Family: Fabaceae >
              • Legumes (Part 1) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 2) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 3) - Family: Fabaceae
          • Beeches, Oaks, Walnuts and Allies - Order: Fagales >
            • Birches and Allies - Family: Betulaceae
            • Sheoaks - Family: Casuarinaceae
            • Oaks - Family: Fagaceae
            • Southern Beeches - Family: Nothofagaceae
            • Walnuts - Family: Juglandaceae
          • Gentians, Dogbanes, Madders and Allies - Order: Gentianales >
            • Dogbanes - Family: Apocynaceae
            • Madders - Family: Rubiaceae
          • Geraniums, Cranesbills and Allies - Order: Geraniales >
            • Geraniums and Cranesbills - Family: Geraniaceae
          • Mints, Plantains, Olives and Allies - Order: Lamiales >
            • Acanthuses and Allies - Family: Acanthaceae
            • Bignonias - Family: Bignoniaceae
            • Gesnerias - Family: Gesneriaceae
            • Mints - Family: Lamiaceae
            • Bladderworts - Family: Lentibulariaceae
            • Olives and Allies - Family: Oleaceae
            • Plantains - Family: Plantaginaceae
            • Figworts - Family: Scrophulariaceae
            • Verbenas - Family: Verbenaceae
          • Laurels, Spicebushes and Allies - Order: Laurales >
            • Laurels - Family: Lauraceae
          • Magnolias, Nutmegs and Allies - Order: Magnoliales >
            • Bolwarras - Family: Eupomatiaceae
          • Nances, Willows and Allies - Order: Malpighiales >
            • Spurges - Family: Euphorbiaceae
            • Ochnas - Family: Ochnaceae
            • Passionflowers - Family: Passifloraceae
            • Leaf-flowers - Family: Phyllanthaceae
            • Picrodendrons - Family: Picrodendraceae
            • Ironplums - Family: Putranjivaceae
            • Mangroves - Family: Rhizoporaceae
            • Violets - Family: Violaceae
          • Mallows, Rock-roses and Allies - Order: Malvales >
            • Stringbarks - Family: Thymelaeaceae
            • Mallows, Hibiscuses and Allies - Family: Malvaceae
          • Myrtles, Evening Primroses and Allies - Order: Myrtales >
            • Lythrums and Allies - Family: Lythraceae
            • Melastomes - Family: Melastomataceae
            • Myrtles, Eucalypts, Melaleucas and Allies - Family: Myrtaceae >
              • Waxflowers and Allies - Tribe: Chamelaucieae
              • Gum Trees - Tribe: Eucalypteae
              • Tea Trees and Myrtles - Tribe: Leptospermeae
              • Melaleucas - Tribe: Melaleuceae
              • Waterberries - Tribe: Syzygieae
              • All other Tribes - Subfamily: Myrtoidea
            • Evening Primroses and Allies - Family: Onagraceae
          • Waterlilies, Fanworts and Allies - Order: Nymphaeales >
            • Waterlilies - Family: Nymphaeaceae
          • Woodsorrels, Quandongs and Allies - Order: Oxalidales >
            • Butterspoons - Family: Cunoniaceae
            • Quandongs - Family: Elaecarpaceae
            • Woodsorrels - Family: Oxalidaceae
          • Pepper Plants, Birthworts and Allies - Order: Piperales >
            • Pepper Plants - Family: Piperaceae
          • Proteas, Lotuses, Planes and Allies - Order: Proteales >
            • Proteas and Allies - Family: Proteaceae >
              • Grevilleas, Banksias and Allies - Subfamily: Grevilleoidea >
                • Banksias - Tribe: Banksieae
                • Firebushes and Allies - Tribe: Embothrieae
                • Macadamias and Allies - Tribe: Macadamieae
                • Honeysuckles and Allies - Tribe: Roupaleae
              • Primitive Proteas - Subfamily: Persoonioideae >
                • Geebungs and Allies - Tribe: Persoonieae
              • Singlet Proteas - Subfamily: Proteoideae >
                • Featherbushes and Conesticks - Tribe: Petrophileae
          • Buttercups, Poppies and Allies - Order: Ranunculales >
            • Buttercups - Family: Ranunculaceae
            • Moonseeds - Family: Menispermaceae
            • Poppies and Allies - Family: Papaveraceae
          • Roses, Figs, Elms and Allies - Order: Rosales >
            • Hemps and Allies - Family: Cannabaceae
            • Figs, Mulberries and Allies - Family: Moraceae
            • Buckthorns and Allies - Family: Rhamnaceae
            • Roses, Brambles and Allies - Family: Rosaceae
            • Elms and Allies - Family: Ulmaceae
            • Nettles and Allies - Family: Urticaceae
          • Sandalwoods, Mistletoes and Allies - Order: Santalales >
            • Showy Mistletoes - Family: Loranthaceae
            • Sandalwoods - Family: Santalaceae
          • Soapberries, Mahoganies and Allies - Order: Sapindales >
            • Cashews, Sumacs and Allies - Family: Anacardiaceae
            • Mahoganies and Allies - Family: Meliaceae
            • Rues, Citruses and Allies - Family: Rutaceae
            • Soapberries and Allies - Family: Sapindaceae
            • Quassias, Corkwoods and Allies - Family: Simaroubaceae
          • Saxifrages, Stonecrops and Allies - Order: Saxifragales >
            • Stonecrops and Allies - Family: Crassulaceae
          • Nightshades, Bindweeds and Allies - Order: Solanales >
            • Bindweeds, Ponysfoots and Allies - Family: Convolvulaceae
            • Nightshades, Tobacco and Allies - Family: Solanaceae
          • Grapes and Allies - Order: Vitales >
            • Grapes and Allies - Family: Vitaceae
    • Protozoans - Kingdom: Protozoa >
      • Slime Moulds - Phylum: Mycetozoa >
        • True Slime Moulds - Class: Myxomycetes
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The  Northern  Rivers,   N.S.W.
​
   World-heritage listed National Parks, rain forests, spectacular waterfalls and beautiful rivers, pristine surfing beaches, historical townships and Aboriginal sites, iconic wildlife, welcoming coastal and farming communities, the 'Northern Rivers' region has it all.   
​And, of course, a most enviable climate to boot.
      The 'Northern Rivers' is also the birthplace of the Australian nature conservation movement in the 1970's and it shows in the sheer quantity of land set aside for just that purpose.   And it shows also in the attitude of the people who live here.   There is in the 'Northern Rivers' a sense of community and belonging, a love of the land and all its' beauty and an admiration of all of its' natural wonders however small or imposing they may be.
Picture
Protester's Falls
       On this site we aim to show you as much as we can of what the region has to offer.    Whether you are a local, a visitor or just passing through you are sure to find something of interest on these pages.
Picture
The Log in the Forest...
Picture
Fig 1. The Northern Rivers Project's coverage area.
​     The 'Northern Rivers' Region is an area in the far  north-eastern corner in the state of New South Wales.   However, a quick Google search will show that the exact location of the boundaries of the area does vary with every purpose for which these boundaries were determined.  The most common interpretation contains the Local Government  Areas of Tweed, Kyogle, Byron, Ballina, Lismore, Richmond Valley and Clarence Valley.   This area, however, does not quite feel 'complete'.  For historical, cultural and natural reasons the coverage needs to be expanded.
      So, in order to make this publication a coherent set of visual and written data collected from a wide range of sources, be it original or quoted; the boundaries covered by The Northern Rivers Project roughly follows a line from Tweed Heads to Bellingen, westwards to Armidale and then  northwards along the New England Highway towards Stanthorpe before returning east at the Queensland border to Tweed Heads again.   As you can see this is a larger area than usually indicated by the name 'Northern Rivers' and, there may be further 'border-transgressions', on all sides, in order to accommodate adjoining National Parks and Reserves.  Overall,  the vast bulk of information presented here will be roughly from between the Bellinger and Tweed rivers.  

CLICK   HERE  to find out how to use this web-site and what you can expect to find on the various pages.

The  'LIFE'  pages of this web-site are taxonomically arranged.  The drop-down menu under the heading 'LIFE'  reflects this.
This arrangement may make searching the site a bit challenging for those not familar with Taxonomy and its' terminology.  
So rather than using the drop-down menu at the top of the page,

​CLICK  HERE  to go to more user-friendly way to navigate the site.
These pages currently under construction.
The following contributors to The Northern River Project agree that all their images and texts as formatted and/or written and displayed on these pages are licensed under the 
 

​​​​​Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

​Erik Beringen    (ID:  C)
Tracy Beringen    (ID:  T)
Nick Lambert    (ID:  L)
Diana Davey    (ID:  D)
Sarah Cobb    (ID:  S)
Sandra Clark    (ID:  U)
​


The following contributors to The Northern River Project direct that all their images as formatted  and displayed on these pages are copyright protected with all rights reserved.  
​
Craig Robbins    (ID:  R)


​
​For use of copyright protected  images,  please direct your enquiries
in the first instance to the editor through the  CONTACT  page.


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                 ©


​​We, the people that make up The Northern Rivers Project,  acknowledge the Traditional Owners of country throughout the 'Northern Rivers' and Australia and recognize their continuing connection to land, waters and culture. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging.
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THE  NORTHERN  RIVERS  PROJECT


The NUMBER ONE  destination for everything 'Northern Rivers'.
     This web-site is a partnership between photographers, nature lovers, historians, keen observers and artisans; amateur and professional, all with a common point of interest: The 'Northern Rivers' Region of Northern New South Wales, Australia.
     It is a collaboration that serves to highlight the very best the 'Northern Rivers' has to offer be it Nature, Scenery, History and Adventure brought to you by people with a passion for their craft and the place they proudly call home.

OUR  CONTRIBUTORS
in order of appearance here in brief,  and soon in detail here.
              Erik Beringen.    Editor, photographer. Special interests, Butterflies, Fungi and Birds.                           Banora Point, N.S.W.             Member id:   C 
             
Tracy Beringen.    Business and administration. Special interests, Whales and Dolphins.                     Banora Point, N.S.W.            Member id:   T
​              Nick Lambert.   Photographer.  Special interests, Macro, Insects, Plants and Molluscs.                         Coffs Harbour, N.S.W.         Member id:   L

             Diana Davey.  Photographer.  Special interests,  Flora and Fauna of Yuraygir Nat. Park.                        Wooli,  N.S.W.                          Member id:   D
              Sarah Cobb. 
Photographer.  Special interests,  Gen. Nature Tweed Regional  Wildlife Corridor.     Tomewin,  N.S.W.                    Member id:   S

              Sandra Clark​.  Photographer.  Special interests, Gen. nature Urliup Wildlife Sanctuary.                        Urliup,  N.S.W.                         Member id:   U
​             Craig Robbins. 
Photographer.  Special interests,  Plants and Plant Communities.                                     Gold Coast, Qld.                     Member id:   R


   
​   You too, can help.  Even as a casual observer you are quite welcome to make submissions of photographs and/or texts that you think may make a worthwhile addition to the Project.  For more detailed information on how to do just that, 
 click here to go to our 'Contact' page.

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​       This web site is an ongoing work in progress..        As you can see there is still plenty of empty space throughout the web site;  it's development is a rolling process during which some parts will always be more 'complete' than the parts that follow and it is not seen as a project that will be finished anytime soon, if ever at all, for that matter.   The very purpose it serves pretty well means that there will always be more content to add.    And that, of course, implies that there will always be room for more people to join as contributors.    No matter what your interest,  if you live in the Northern Rivers region as defined by the map above, and you believe you have something worthwhile to add to this web site.... just do so.             (use the contact form below as your first port of call)


    Have something to add to the site ?

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Note:  Copyright rules vary.  Please contact the editor prior to using any of the images published on this site.
  • Home
    • About the Northern Rivers Project website, and, how to use it.
  • Life
    • Easy navigator to the LIFE pages. >
      • Arachnids, Spiders, Harvestmen, Scorpions, Ticks and Mites of the Northern Rivers, Index
      • Birds, Index
      • Butterflies of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Mammals of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
      • Reptiles of the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Index
    • Animals - Kingdom: Animalia >
      • Thorny-headed Worms - Phylum: Acanthocephala
      • Segmented Worms - Phylum: Annelida
      • Arthropods - Phylum: Arthropoda
      • Brachiopods - Phylum Brachiopoda
      • Bryozoans - Phylum: Bryozoa
      • Arrow Worms - Phylum: Chaetognatha
      • Chordates - Phylum: Chordata >
        • Vertebrates - Subphylum: Vertebrata >
          • Amphibians - Class: Amphibia >
            • Frogs and Toads - Order: Anura >
              • True Toads - Family: Bufonidae
              • Australasian Tree Frogs - Family: Pelodryadidae
              • Australian Ground Frogs - Family: Myobatrachidae
              • Foam-nesting Ground Frogs - Family: Limnodynastidae
              • Frogs, Index
          • Birds - Class: Aves >
            • Hawks, Eagles, Kites and Allies - Order: Accipitriformes >
              • Hawks, Eagles and Kites - Family: Accipitridae
              • Ospreys - Family: Pandionidae
            • Waterfowl - Order: Anseriformes >
              • Ducks, Geese and Swans - Family: Anatidae
              • Magpie Goose - Family: Anseranatidae
            • Nightjars, Swifts and Allies - Order: Caprimulgiformes >
              • Nightjars - Family: Caprimulgidae
              • Frogmouths - Family: Podargidae
            • Cassowaries and Emus - Order: Casuariiformes >
              • Emus - Family: Casuariidae
            • Shorebirds and Allies - Order: Charadriiformes >
              • Stone-Curlews - Family: Burhinidae
              • Plovers and Lapwings - Family: Charadriidae
              • Oystercatchers - Family: Haematopodidae
              • Gulls and Terns - Family: Laridae
              • Stilts and Avocets - Family: Recurvirostridae
              • Sandpipers and Allies - Family: Scolopacidae
              • Skuas - Family: Stercorariidae
              • Buttonquails - Family: Turnicidae
            • Storks - Order: Ciconiiformes >
              • Storks - Family: Ciconiidae
            • Pigeons and Doves - Order: Columbiformes >
              • Pigeons and Doves - Family: Columbidae
            • Kingfishers and Allies - Order: Coraciiformes >
              • Kingfishers - Family: Alcedinidae
              • Bee-eaters - Family: Meropidae
            • Cuckoos - Order: Cuculiformes >
              • Cuckoos - Family: Cuculidae
            • Falcons and Allies - Order: Falconiformes >
              • Falcons and Allies - Family: Falconidae
            • Landfowl - Order: Galliformes >
              • Moundbuilders - Family: Megapodidae
              • Guineafowl - Family: Numididae
              • Pheasants, Quails and Allies - Family: Phasianidae
            • Cranes, Rails and Allies - Order: Gruiformes >
              • Cranes - Family: Gruidae
              • Rails, Gallinules and Coots - Family: Rallidae
            • Bustards - Order: Otidiformes >
              • Bustards - Family: Otididae
            • Perching Birds - Order: Passeriformes >
              • Thornbills and Allies - Family: Acanthizidae
              • Woodswallows, Butcherbirds and Allies - Family: Artamidae
              • Cuckoo-Shrikes - Family: Campephagidae
              • Australasian Treecreepers - Family: Climacteridae
              • Australian Mudnesters - Family: Corcoracidae
              • Crows, Ravens and Allies - Family: Corvidae
              • Flowerpeckers - Family: Dicaeidae
              • Drongos - Family: Dicruridae
              • Finches, Mannikins and Allies - Family: Estrildidae
              • Shrike-Tits - Family: Falcunculidae
              • Swallows and Martins - Family: Hirundinidae
              • Grassbirds and Allies - Family: Locustellidae
              • Fairywrens and Allies - Family: Maluridae
              • Honeyeaters - Family: Meliphagidae
              • Lyrebirds - Family: Menuridae
              • Monarch Flycatchers - Family: Monarchidae
              • Wagtails and Pipits - Family: Motacillidae
              • Sittellas - Family: Neosittidae
              • Figbirds and Orioles - Family: Oriolidae
              • Whistlers and Allies - Family: Pachycephalidae
              • Pardalotes - Family: Pardalotidae
              • Old World Sparrows - Family: Passeridae
              • Australasian Robins - Family: Petroicidae
              • Whipbirds - Family: Psophodidae
              • Bowerbirds - Family: Ptilonorhynchidae
              • Fantails - Family: Rhipiduridae
              • Starlings - Family: Sturnidae
            • Pelicans, Herons, Ibises and Allies - Order: Pelecaniformes >
              • Herons, Egrets and Bitterns - Family: Ardeidae
              • Pelicans - Family: Pelecanidae
              • Ibises and Spoonbills - Family: Threskiornithidae
            • Grebes - Order: Podicipediformes >
              • Grebes - Family: Podicipedidae
            • Tubenoses - Order: Procellariiformes >
              • Southern Storm Petrels - Family: Oceanitidae
              • Petrels and Shearwaters - Family: Procellariidae
            • Parrots and Cockatoos - Order: Psittaciformes >
              • Cockatoos - Family: Cacatuidae
              • Old World Parrots - Family: Psittaculidae
            • Penguins - Order: Sphenisciformes >
              • Penguins - Family: Spheniscidae
            • Owls - Order: Strigiformes >
              • Barn Owls - Family: Tytonidae
            • Gannets, Cormorants and Allies - Order: Suliformes >
              • Darters - Family: Anhingidae
              • Cormorants and Shags - Family: Phalacrocoracidae
              • Boobies and Gannets - Family: Sulidae
          • Mammals - Class: Mammalia >
            • Prototherians - Subclass: Prototheria >
              • Platypus - Family: Ornithorhynchidae
            • Therians - Subclass: Theria >
              • Marsupials - Infraclass: Marsupialia >
                • Kangaroos, Possums, Wombats and Allies - Order: Diprotodontia >
                  • Kangaroos, Wallabies and Allies - Family: Macropodidae
                  • Cuscuses and Brushtail Possums - Family: Phalangeridae
                  • Koalas - Family: Phascolarctidae
                  • Potoroos and Bettongs - Family: Potoroidae
              • Placental Mammals - Infraclass: Placentalia >
                • Primates, Rodents and Allies - Superorder: Euarchontoglires >
                  • Lagomorphs - Order: Lagomorpha >
                    • Hares and Rabbits - Family: Leporidae
                  • Rodents - Order: Rodentia >
                    • Mice, Rats and Hamsters - Suborder: Myomorpha >
                      • Old World Mice and Rats - Family: Muridae
                • Ungulates, Carnivorans and Allies - Superorder: Laurasiatheria >
                  • Even-toed Ungulates and Cetaceans - Order: Artiodactyla >
                    • Ruminants - Suborder: Ruminantia >
                      • Bovids - Family: Bovidae
                    • Swines and Allies - Suborder: Suina >
                      • Swines - Family: Suidae
                    • Cetaceans and Allies - Suborder: Whippomorpha >
                      • Baleen Whales - Parvorder: Mysticeti >
                        • Humpback Whales and Rorquals - Family: Balaenopteridae
                  • Carnivorans - Order: Carnivora >
                    • Canids - Family: Canidae
                    • Felids - Family: Felidae
                  • Bats - Order: Chiroptera >
                    • Yinpterochiroptera (Suborder) >
                      • Old World Fruit Bats - Superfamily: Pteropodoidea >
                        • Flying Foxes and Allies - Family: Pteropodidae
          • Reptiles - Class: Reptilia >
            • Lizards and Snakes - Order: Squamata >
              • Lizards - Suborder: Sauria >
                • Dragons - Family: Agamidae
                • Skinks - Family: Scincidae
                • Monitors - Family: Varanidae
                • Geckos - Infraorder: Gekkota >
                  • Australian Leaf-tailed Geckos and Allies - Family: Carphodactylidae
                  • Australasian Geckos - Family: Diplodactylidae
                  • Typical Geckos - Family: Gekkonidae
                  • Legless Geckos - Family: Pygopodidae
              • Snakes - Suborder: Serpentes >
                • Colubrid Snakes - Family: Colubridae
                • Venomous Land- and Sea Snakes - Family: Elapidae
                • Pythons - Family: Pythonidae
                • Typical Blind Snakes - Family: Typhlopidae
            • Turtles - Order: Testudines >
              • Side-necked Freshwater Turtles - Family: Chelidae
              • Sea Turtles - Superfamily: Chelonioidea >
                • Typical Sea Turtles - Family: Cheloniidae
      • Cnidarians - Phylum: Cnidaria >
        • Hydrozoans - Class: Hydrozoa >
          • Hydroids - Subclass: Hydrodolina >
            • Thecate Hydroids - Order: Leptothecata
            • Siphonophores - Order: Siphonophora >
              • Man o' Wars and Allies - Suborder: Cystonectae >
                • Man o' Wars - Family: Physaliidae
      • Comb Jellies - Phylum: Ctenophora
      • Cycliophorans - Phylum: Cycliophora
      • Dicyemids - Phylum: Dicyemida
      • Echinoderms - Phylum: Echinodermata
      • Entoprocts - Phylum: Entoprocta
      • Gastrotrichs - Phylum: Gastrotricha
      • Gnathiferans - Phylum: Gnathifera
      • Jaw Worms - Phylum: Gnathostomulida
      • Hemichordates - Phylum: Hemichordata
      • Mud Dragons - Phylum: Kinorhyncha
      • Loriciferans - Phylum: Loricifera
      • Molluscs- Phylum: Mollusca
      • Nematodes - Phylum: Nematoda
      • Horsehair Worms - Phylum: Nematomorpha
      • Ribbon Worms - Phylum: Nemertea
      • Velvet Worms - Phylum: Onychophora >
        • Modern Velvet Worms - Order: Euonychophora >
          • Southern Velvet Worms - Family: Peripatopsidae
      • Orthonectids - Phylum: Orthonectida
      • Horseshoe Worms - Phylum: Phoronida
      • Placozoans - Phylum: Placozoa
      • Flatworms - Phylum: Platyhelminthes >
        • Rhabditophora (Subphylum) >
          • Planarians - Order: Tricladida >
            • Continenticola (Suborder) >
              • Geoplanoidea (Superfamily) >
                • Land Planarians - Family: Geoplanidae
      • Sponges - Phylum: Porifera
      • Priapulid Worms - Phylum: Priapulida
      • Rotifers - Phylum: Rotifera
      • Tardigrades - Phylum: Tardigrada
      • Xenoturbellids - Phylum: Xenacoelomorpha
    • Kelp, Diatoms and Allies - Kingdom: Chromista
    • Fungi and Lichens - Kingdom: Fungi >
      • Basidiomycetes - Phylum: Basidiomycota
      • Zygote Fungi - Phylum: Zygomycota
      • All other Fungi
      • Unidentified Fungi
    • Plants - Kingdom: Plantae >
      • Hornworts - Phylum: Anthocerotophyta
      • Mosses - Phylum: Bryophyta >
        • True Mosses - Class: Bryopsida >
          • Bryales (Order)
          • Rhizogoniales (Order)
      • Charophyte Algae - Phylum: Charophyta
      • Green Algae - Phylum: Chlorophyta
      • Glaucophyte Algae - Phylum: Glaucophyta
      • Liverworts - Phylum: Marchantiophyta
      • Red Algae - Phylum: Rhodophyta
      • Vascular Plants - Phylum: Tracheophyta >
        • Cycads and Zamias - Class: Cycadopsida >
          • Zamias - Family: Zamiaceae
        • Lycophytes - Class: Lycopodiopsida >
          • Clubmosses - Order: Lycopodiales >
            • Clubmosses - Family: Lycopodiaceae
        • Conifers - Class: Pinopsida >
          • Auracarians - Family: Auracariaceae
          • Cypresses and Allies - Family: Cupressaceae
          • Pines and Allies - Family: Pinaceae
          • Yellowwoods and Allies - Family: Podocarpaceae
        • Ferns - Class: Polypodiopsida >
          • Leptosporangiate Ferns - Subclass: Polypodiidae >
            • Tree Ferns - Order: Cyatheales >
              • Scaly Tree Ferns - Family: Cyatheaceae
              • Hairy Tree Ferns - Family: Dicksoniaceae
            • Forked Ferns - Order: Gleicheniales >
              • Forked Ferns - Family: Gleicheniaceae
            • Filmy Ferns - Order: Hymenophyllales >
              • Filmy Ferns - Family: Hymenophyllaceae
            • Polypod Ferns - Order: Polypodiales >
              • Eupolypods ll - Suborder: Aspleniineae >
                • Spleenworts - Family: Aspleniaceae
                • Chain Ferns - Family: Blechnaceae
              • Brackens - Suborder: Dennstaedtiineae >
                • Brackens - Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
              • Eupolypods l - Suborder: Polypodiineae >
                • Sword Ferns - Family: Nephrolepidaceae
                • Polypod Ferns - Family: Polypodiaceae
                • Tectarias - Family: Tectariaceae
              • Brakes - Suborder: Pteridineae >
                • Brakes - Family: Pteridaceae
            • Aquatic Ferns - Order: Salviniales >
              • Water Ferns - Family: Salviniaceae
        • Monocotyledons - Class: Liliopsida >
          • Water Plantains and Allies - Order: Alismatales >
            • Water Plantains - Family: Alismataceae
            • Aroids - Family: Araceae
          • Palms - Order: Arecales >
            • Palms - Family: Arecaceae
          • Agaves, Orchids, Irises and Allies - Order: Asparagales >
            • Amaryllis, Onions and Allies - Family: Amaryllidaceae
            • Agaves, Asparagus and Allies - Family: Asparagaceae
            • Asphodels - Family: Asphodelaceae
            • Irises, Blue Flags and Allies - Family: Iridaceae
            • Orchids - Family: Orchidaceae >
              • Orchids (Part 1.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 2.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 3.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 4.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 5.) - Family: Orchidaceae
              • Orchids (Part 6.) - Family: Orchidaceae
          • Spiderworts and Allies - Order: Commelinales >
            • Spiderworts - Family: Commelinaceae
            • Stream Lilies and Frog-mouths - Family: Phylidraceae
          • Yams, Colicroots and Allies - Order: Dioscoreales >
            • True Yams - Family: Dioscoreaceae
          • Lilies, Supplejacks and Allies - Order: Liliales >
            • Bellworts, Naked Ladies and Allies - Family: Colchicaceae
            • Greenbriers - Family: Smilacaceae
          • Screwpines and Allies - Order: Pandanales >
            • Screwpines - Family: Pandanaceae
          • Grasses and Sedges - Order: Poales >
            • Bromeliads - Family: Bromeliaceae
            • Sedges - Family: Cyperaceae
            • Grasses - Family: Poaceae
            • Restiads - Family: Restionaceae
            • Bulrushes, Cattails and Allies - Family: Typhaceae
          • Canna Lilies and Gingers - Order: Zingiberales >
            • Arrowroots - Family: Marantaceae
            • Gingers - Family: Zingiberaceae
        • Dicotyledons - Class: Magnoliopsida >
          • Carrots, Ivies and Allies - Order: Apiales >
            • Umbellifers - Family: Apiaceae
            • Ivies and Allies - Family: Araliaceae
            • Cheesewoods and Allies - Family: Pittosporaceae
          • Hollies and Allies - Order: Aquifoliales >
            • Cardiopteris - Family: Cardiopteridaceae
          • Sunflowers, Bellflowers, Fanflowers and Allies - Order: Asterales >
            • Korokios and Allies - Family: Argyophyllaceae
            • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies - Family: Asteraceae >
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 1.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 2.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 3.) - Family: Asteraceae
              • Sunflowers, Asters, Daisies and Allies (Part 4.) - Family: Asteraceae
            • Bellflowers, Lobelias and Allies - Family: Campanulaceae
            • Fanflowers, Goodenias and Allies - Family: Goodeniaceae
            • Bogbeans and Allies - Family: Menyanthaceae
          • Borage and Allies - Order: Boraginales >
            • Borage - Family: Boraginaceae
          • Mustards, Capers and Allies - Ordser: Brassicales >
            • Mustards and Allies - Family: Brassicaceae
            • Capers and Allies - Family: Capparaceae
            • Papayas - Family: Caricaceae
          • Canellas, Winter's Bark and Allies - Order: Canellales
          • Pinks, Cactuses and Allies - Order: Caryophyllales >
            • Stone Plants - Family: Aizoaceae
            • Amaranths and Allies - Family: Amaranthaceae
            • Basellas - Family: Basellaceae
            • Cactuses - Family: Cactaceae
            • Pinks, Chickweeds and Allies - Family: Caryophyllaceae
            • Sundews - Family: Droseraceae
            • Umbrellaworts - Family: Nyctaginaceae
            • Pokeweeds - Family: Phytolaccaceae
            • Knotweeds - Family: Polygonaceae
            • Purslanes - Family: Portulaceae
          • Staff-vines and Allies - Order: Celastrales >
            • Staff-vines - Family: Celastraceae
          • Gourds, Begonias and Allies - Order: Cucurbitales
          • Guinea Flowers and Allies - Order: Dilleniales >
            • Guinea Flowers - Family: Dilleniaceae
          • Heaths, Balsams, Primroses and Allies - Order: Ericales >
            • Balsams and Allies - Family: Balsaminaceae
            • Persimmons and Allies - Family: Ebenaceae
            • Heaths - Family: Ericaceae
            • Primroses - Family: Primulaceae
            • Sapodillas - Family: Sapotaceae
          • Escallonias and Allies - Order: Escalloniales >
            • Escallonias - Family: Escalloniaceae
          • Legumes, Milkworts and Allies - Order: Fabales >
            • Legumes - Family: Fabaceae >
              • Legumes (Part 1) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 2) - Family: Fabaceae
              • Legumes (Part 3) - Family: Fabaceae
          • Beeches, Oaks, Walnuts and Allies - Order: Fagales >
            • Birches and Allies - Family: Betulaceae
            • Sheoaks - Family: Casuarinaceae
            • Oaks - Family: Fagaceae
            • Southern Beeches - Family: Nothofagaceae
            • Walnuts - Family: Juglandaceae
          • Gentians, Dogbanes, Madders and Allies - Order: Gentianales >
            • Dogbanes - Family: Apocynaceae
            • Madders - Family: Rubiaceae
          • Geraniums, Cranesbills and Allies - Order: Geraniales >
            • Geraniums and Cranesbills - Family: Geraniaceae
          • Mints, Plantains, Olives and Allies - Order: Lamiales >
            • Acanthuses and Allies - Family: Acanthaceae
            • Bignonias - Family: Bignoniaceae
            • Gesnerias - Family: Gesneriaceae
            • Mints - Family: Lamiaceae
            • Bladderworts - Family: Lentibulariaceae
            • Olives and Allies - Family: Oleaceae
            • Plantains - Family: Plantaginaceae
            • Figworts - Family: Scrophulariaceae
            • Verbenas - Family: Verbenaceae
          • Laurels, Spicebushes and Allies - Order: Laurales >
            • Laurels - Family: Lauraceae
          • Magnolias, Nutmegs and Allies - Order: Magnoliales >
            • Bolwarras - Family: Eupomatiaceae
          • Nances, Willows and Allies - Order: Malpighiales >
            • Spurges - Family: Euphorbiaceae
            • Ochnas - Family: Ochnaceae
            • Passionflowers - Family: Passifloraceae
            • Leaf-flowers - Family: Phyllanthaceae
            • Picrodendrons - Family: Picrodendraceae
            • Ironplums - Family: Putranjivaceae
            • Mangroves - Family: Rhizoporaceae
            • Violets - Family: Violaceae
          • Mallows, Rock-roses and Allies - Order: Malvales >
            • Stringbarks - Family: Thymelaeaceae
            • Mallows, Hibiscuses and Allies - Family: Malvaceae
          • Myrtles, Evening Primroses and Allies - Order: Myrtales >
            • Lythrums and Allies - Family: Lythraceae
            • Melastomes - Family: Melastomataceae
            • Myrtles, Eucalypts, Melaleucas and Allies - Family: Myrtaceae >
              • Waxflowers and Allies - Tribe: Chamelaucieae
              • Gum Trees - Tribe: Eucalypteae
              • Tea Trees and Myrtles - Tribe: Leptospermeae
              • Melaleucas - Tribe: Melaleuceae
              • Waterberries - Tribe: Syzygieae
              • All other Tribes - Subfamily: Myrtoidea
            • Evening Primroses and Allies - Family: Onagraceae
          • Waterlilies, Fanworts and Allies - Order: Nymphaeales >
            • Waterlilies - Family: Nymphaeaceae
          • Woodsorrels, Quandongs and Allies - Order: Oxalidales >
            • Butterspoons - Family: Cunoniaceae
            • Quandongs - Family: Elaecarpaceae
            • Woodsorrels - Family: Oxalidaceae
          • Pepper Plants, Birthworts and Allies - Order: Piperales >
            • Pepper Plants - Family: Piperaceae
          • Proteas, Lotuses, Planes and Allies - Order: Proteales >
            • Proteas and Allies - Family: Proteaceae >
              • Grevilleas, Banksias and Allies - Subfamily: Grevilleoidea >
                • Banksias - Tribe: Banksieae
                • Firebushes and Allies - Tribe: Embothrieae
                • Macadamias and Allies - Tribe: Macadamieae
                • Honeysuckles and Allies - Tribe: Roupaleae
              • Primitive Proteas - Subfamily: Persoonioideae >
                • Geebungs and Allies - Tribe: Persoonieae
              • Singlet Proteas - Subfamily: Proteoideae >
                • Featherbushes and Conesticks - Tribe: Petrophileae
          • Buttercups, Poppies and Allies - Order: Ranunculales >
            • Buttercups - Family: Ranunculaceae
            • Moonseeds - Family: Menispermaceae
            • Poppies and Allies - Family: Papaveraceae
          • Roses, Figs, Elms and Allies - Order: Rosales >
            • Hemps and Allies - Family: Cannabaceae
            • Figs, Mulberries and Allies - Family: Moraceae
            • Buckthorns and Allies - Family: Rhamnaceae
            • Roses, Brambles and Allies - Family: Rosaceae
            • Elms and Allies - Family: Ulmaceae
            • Nettles and Allies - Family: Urticaceae
          • Sandalwoods, Mistletoes and Allies - Order: Santalales >
            • Showy Mistletoes - Family: Loranthaceae
            • Sandalwoods - Family: Santalaceae
          • Soapberries, Mahoganies and Allies - Order: Sapindales >
            • Cashews, Sumacs and Allies - Family: Anacardiaceae
            • Mahoganies and Allies - Family: Meliaceae
            • Rues, Citruses and Allies - Family: Rutaceae
            • Soapberries and Allies - Family: Sapindaceae
            • Quassias, Corkwoods and Allies - Family: Simaroubaceae
          • Saxifrages, Stonecrops and Allies - Order: Saxifragales >
            • Stonecrops and Allies - Family: Crassulaceae
          • Nightshades, Bindweeds and Allies - Order: Solanales >
            • Bindweeds, Ponysfoots and Allies - Family: Convolvulaceae
            • Nightshades, Tobacco and Allies - Family: Solanaceae
          • Grapes and Allies - Order: Vitales >
            • Grapes and Allies - Family: Vitaceae
    • Protozoans - Kingdom: Protozoa >
      • Slime Moulds - Phylum: Mycetozoa >
        • True Slime Moulds - Class: Myxomycetes
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